History of travel & Tourism

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2000 years Before Christ, in India and Mesopotamia

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Travel for trade was an important feature since the starting of civilisation. The port at Lothal was an important centre of trade between the Indus valley civilisation and the Sumerian civilisation.

600 Bc and thereafter

The earliest form of free time tourism can be traced as far back as the Babylonian and Egyptian empires. A museum of historic antiquities was open to the communal in Babylon. The Egyptians held many religious festivals that attracted the devout and many population who thronged to cities to see celebrated works of arts and buildings.

In India, as elsewhere, kings travelled for empire building. The Brahmins and the base population travelled for religious purposes. Thousands of Brahmins and the base folk thronged Sarnath and Sravasti to be greeted by the inscrutable smile of the Enlightened One- the Buddha.

500 Bc, the Greek civilisation

The Greek tourists travelled to sites of curative gods. The Greeks also enjoyed their religious festivals that increasingly became a pursuance of pleasure, and in particular, sport. Athens had become an important site for travellers visiting the major sights such as the Parthenon. Inns were established in large towns and seaports to supply for travellers' needs. Courtesans were the important entertainment offered.

 
This era also saw the birth of travel writing. Herodotus was the worlds' first travel writer. Guidebooks also made their appearance in the fourth century exterior destinations such as Athens, Sparta and Troy. Advertisements in the way of signs directing population to inns are also known in this period.

The Roman Empire

With no foreign borders between England and Syria, and with safe seas from piracy due to Roman patrols, the conditions favouring travel had arrived. First class roads coupled with staging inns (precursors of contemporary motels) promoted the growth of travel. Romans travelled to Sicily, Greece, Rhodes, Troy and Egypt. From 300 Ad travel to the Holy Land also became very popular. The Romans introduced their guidebooks (itineraria), listing hotels with symbols to recognize quality.

Second homes were built by the rich near Rome, occupied primarily during springtime communal season. The most fashionable resorts were found colse to Bay of Naples. Naples attracted the retired and the intellectuals, Cumae attracted the fashionable while Baiae attracted the down store tourist, becoming noted for its rowdiness, drunkenness and all- night singing.

Travel and Tourism were to never attain a similar status until the contemporary times.

In the Middle Ages

Travel became difficult and hazardous as population travelled for enterprise or for a sense of obligation and duty.

Adventurers sought fame and fortune through travel. The Europeans tried to eye a sea route to India for trade purposes and in this fashion discovered America and explored parts of Africa. Strolling players and minstrels made their living by performing as they travelled. Missionaries, saints, etc. Travelled to spread the sacred word.

Leisure travel in India was introduced by the Mughals. The Mughal kings built luxurious palaces and fascinating gardens at places of natural and scenic attractiveness (for example Jehangir travelled to Kashmir drawn by its beauty.

Travel for empire construction and pilgrimage was a regular feature.

The Grand Tour

From the early seventeenth century, a new form of tourism was developed as a direct outcome of the Renaissance. Under the reign of Elizabeth 1, young men seeking positions at court were encouraged to travel to continent to desist their education. Later, it became customary for education of gentleman to be completed by a 'Grand Tour' accompanied by a tutor and lasting for three or more years. While ostensibly educational, the satisfaction seeking men travelled to enjoy life and culture of Paris, Venice or Florence. By the end of eighteenth century, the institution had become institutionalised in the gentry. Gradually satisfaction travel displaced educational travel. The arrival of Napoleonic wars inhibited travel for colse to 30 years and led to the decline of the institution of the Grand Tour.

The development of the spas

The spas grew in popularity in the seventeenth century in Britain and a small later in the European Continent as awareness about the therapeutic qualities of mineral water increased. Taking the cure in the spa rapidly acquired the nature of a status symbol. The resorts changed in character as satisfaction became the motivation of visits. They became an important centre of communal life for the high society.

In the nineteenth century they were moderately substituted by the seaside resort.

The sun, sand and sea resorts

The sea water became connected with health benefits. The earliest visitors therefore drank it and did not bathe in it. By the early eighteenth century, small fishing resorts sprung up in England for visitors who drank and immersed themselves in sea water. With the overcrowding of inland spas, the new sea side resorts grew in popularity. The introduction of steamboat services in 19th century introduced more resorts in the circuit. The seaside resort moderately became a communal meeting point

 Role of the industrial revolution in promoting travel in the west

 The rapid urbanisation due to industrialisation led to mass immigration in cities. These population were lured into travel to escape their environment to places of natural beauty, often to the countryside they had come from change of routine from a physically and psychologically stressful jobs to a leisurely pace in countryside.

Highlights of travel in the nineteenth century 

·        arrival of railway initially catalysed enterprise travel and later free time travel. moderately special trains were chartered to only take free time travel to their destinations.

·        holder tours organised by entrepreneurs such as Thomas Cook.

·        The European countries indulged in a lot of enterprise travel often to their colonies to buy raw material and sell done goods.

·        The invention of photography acted as a status-enhancing tool and promoted overseas travel.

·        The formation of first hotel chains; pioneered by the railway associates who established great railway terminus hotels.

·        Seaside resorts began to produce distinct images as for day-trippers, elite, for gambling.

·        Other types of destinations-ski resorts, hill stations, mountaineering spots etc.

·        The technological development in steamships promoted travel between North America and Europe.

·        The Suez Canal opened direct sea routes to India and the Far East.

·        The cult of the guidebook followed the development of photography.

 

 

Tourism in the Twentieth Century

 

The First World War gave first hand perceive of countries and aroused a sense of curiosity about international travel among less well off sector for the first time. The large scale of migration to the Us meant a lot of travel over the Atlantic. Private motoring began to encourage domestic travel in Europe and the west.  The sea side resort became yearly house holiday destination in Britain and increased in popularity in other countries of the west. Hotels proliferated in these destinations.

The birth of air travel and after

The wars increased interest in international travel. This interest was given the shape of mass tourism by the aviation industry. The surplus of aircraft and growth of Private airlines aided the expansion of air travel. The aircraft had become comfortable, faster and steadily cheaper for overseas travel. With the introduction of Boeing 707 jet in 1958, the age of air travel for the masses had arrived. The starting of chartered flights boosted the holder tour store and led to the preparing of organised mass tourism. The Boeing 747, a 400 seat craft, brought the cost of travel down sharply. The seaside resorts in the Mediterranean, North Africa and the Caribbean were the initial hot spots of mass tourism.

A corresponding growth in hotel commerce led to the preparing of world-wide chains. Tourism also began to diversify as population began to flock alternative destinations in the 70s. Nepal and India received a throng of tourists lured by Hare Krishna movement and transcendental meditation. The starting of personel travel in a important volume only occurred in the 80s. Air travel also led to a continuous growth in enterprise travel especially with the emergence of the Mncs.

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